// <![CDATA[EVALUASI PENDEKATAN HYBRID DALAM PENGUKURAN VOLUME STOCKPILE BATUBARA DENGAN UAV, GNSS RTK, DAN TOTAL STATION (Studi Kasus:]]> MUHAMMAD HAFIDH RIFQI MAULANA / 232024616 Penulis - 0409129004 Dr. Henri Kuncoro, S.T., M.T. Dosen Pembimbing 1
Pengukuran volume stockpile batubara merupakan bagian penting dalam operasional tambang untuk menunjang perencanaan produksi, pelaporan cadangan, dan pengendalian logistik. Metode konvensional seperti GNSS RTK dan Total Station dikenal memiliki akurasi tinggi, namun kurang efisien di medan terbuka yang sulit diakses. Sebagai alternatif, teknologi fotogrametri berbasis Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) menawarkan solusi yang lebih cepat dan aman, meskipun akurasinya sangat dipengaruhi oleh konfigurasi Ground Control Point (GCP) dan kondisi pencahayaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi akurasi dan efisiensi pendekatan hybrid yang mengombinasikan UAV, GNSS RTK, dan Total station dalam pengukuran volume stockpile. Studi dilakukan di Site Kotabaru, Kalimantan Selatan, melalui dua kali pengukuran, yaitu UAV dibandingkan GNSS RTK pada pengukuran pertama dan dibandingkan Total station pada pengukuran kedua. Evaluasi dilakukan berdasarkan hasil volume, akurasi koordinat (X, Y, Z), serta efisiensi operasional menggunakan parameter RMSE, MAE, deviasi volume, durasi survei, jumlah personel, dan risiko kerja. Hasil menunjukkan UAV menghasilkan deviasi volume –1,19% terhadap GNSS RTK dan –1,13% terhadap Total station, dengan nilai RMSE rata-rata 1,73 cm dan 1,33 cm. Dari sisi efisiensi, UAV lebih unggul dalam waktu dan tenaga. Pendekatan hybrid direkomendasikan sebagai metode optimal untuk pengukuran volume stockpile di area tambang terbuka. Measurement of the volume of coal stockpiles is a critical aspect of mining operations, facilitating production planning, reserve reporting, and logistical management. Traditional techniques like GNSS RTK and Total station provide excellent precision but are sometimes ineffective in open and challenging landscapes. Photogrammetric technology employing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) offers a more rapid and secure option; however, its precision is significantly influenced by the arrangement of Ground Control Points (GCPs) and ambient lighting conditions. This study seeks to evaluate both the accuracy and effectiveness of a hybrid methodology that combines UAV, GNSS RTK, and Total station for measuring stockpile volumes. The study was carried out in a functioning stockpile area at Site Kotabaru, South Kalimantan, across two distinct sessions: UAV compared to GNSS RTK in the first, and UAV compared to Total station in the second. The evaluation was predicated on volumetric outcomes, spatial precision (X, Y, Z), and operational effectiveness, utilizing parameters such as RMSE, MAE, volume discrepancy, survey duration, staff demands, and field safety hazards. The UAV technique exhibited a volume deviation of –1.19% compared to GNSS RTK and –1.13% in comparison to Total station, with average RMSE values of 1.73 cm and 1.33 cm, respectively. The hybrid approach is considered as the ideal strategy for stockpile volume surveys in dynamic open-pit mining situations due to its efficiency and satisfactory accuracy.